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Human rights instruments, including the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (fully) and the European Convention of Human Rights (with reservations). These international law instruments take precedence over national legislation according to Chapter 1, Article 15 of the Constitution.〔 〕 As a member of the Council of Europe and a signatory of the European Convention on Human Rights, Russia has international obligations related to the issue of human rights.〔(Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms ). CoE.int. Retrieved on 25 September 2015.〕 In the introduction to the 2004 report on the situation in Russia, the Commissioner for Human Rights of the Council of Europe, noted the "sweeping changes since the collapse of the Soviet Union undeniable." In recent years Vladimir Lukin, former Ombudsman of the Russian Federation, has invariably characterized the human rights situation in Russia as unsatisfactory. However, according to Lukin, this is not discouraging, because building a lawful state and civil society in such a complex country as Russia is a hard and long process.〔(Russian language version ).〕 Freedom House considered Russia partially free with scores of 5 on both political rights and civil liberties (1 being most free, 7 least free) in 2002-2004 and not free with 6 on political rights and 5 on civil liberties in 2005-2008 according to the Freedom in the World reports.〔(Freedom in the World: ) The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties. Retrieved on 2009-07-11.〕 In 2006 The Economist published a democracy rating, putting Russia at 102nd place among 167 countries and defining it as a "hybrid regime with a trend towards curtailment of media and other civil liberties." The European Court of Human Rights has become overwhelmed with cases from Russia. As of June 1, 2007, 22.5% of its pending cases were directed against the Russian Federation. In 2006 there were 151 admissible applications against Russia (out of 1634 for all the countries), while in 2005 - 110 (of 1036), in 2004 - 64 (of 830), in 2003 - 15 (of 753), in 2002 - 12 (of 578). According to international human rights organizations as well as domestic press, violations of human rights in Russia include widespread and systematic torture of persons in custody by police,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Torture and ill-treatment )〕 dedovshchina in Russian Army, neglect and cruelty in Russian orphanages,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=ABANDONED TO THE STATE - CRUELTY AND NEGLECT IN RUSSIAN ORPHANAGES )〕 violations of children's rights.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Children's rights )〕 According to Amnesty International there is discrimination, racism, and murders of members of ethnic minorities.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Ethnic minorities under attack )〕 Since 1992 at least 50 journalists have been killed across the country.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Journalists killed: Statisistics and Background ) (As of July 9, 2009).〕 During the Second Chechen War, started in September 1999, there were summary executions and "disappearances" of civilians in Chechnya.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Russia Condemned for Chechnya Killings - Human Rights Watch )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Chechnya – human rights under attack )〕〔(Russia Condemned for 'Disappearance' of Chechen )〕 According to the ombudsman of the Chechen Republic, Nurdi Nukhazhiyev, as of March 2007 the most complex and painful problem is finding over 2700 abducted and forcefully held citizens; analysis of the complaints of citizens of Chechnya shows that social problems ever more often come to the foreground; two years ago complaints mostly concerned violations of the right to life.〔(Interview with Nurdi Nukhazhiyev by Khamzat Chitigov ) for Strana.Ru.〕 The Federal Law of January 10, 2006 changed the orders affecting registration and operation of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in Russia.〔〔(Russia's NGOs: It's not so simple ) by N. K. Gvozdev〕 The Russian-Chechen Friendship Society was closed.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Russia: Court Orders Closure of Russian-Chechen Friendship Society - Human Rights Watch )〕 There are cases of attacks on demonstrators organized by local authorities.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Russia: Moscow Must Investigate Police Violence at Memorial for Slain Journalist - Human Rights Watch )〕 High concern was caused by murders of opposition lawmakers and journalists Anna Politkovskaya, Yuri Schekochikhin, Galina Starovoitova, Sergei Yushenkov, lawyer Stanislav Markelov, and journalist Anastasia Baburova, as well as imprisonments of human rights defenders, scientists, and journalists like Mikhail Trepashkin,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Trepashkin case )〕 Igor Sutyagin, and Valentin Danilov. ==Judicial system== (詳細はAmnesty International.〔〔 〕 According to Constitution of Russia, top judges are () by the Federation Council, following nomination by the President of Russia.〔 〕 Anna Politkovskaya described in her book ''Putin's Russia'' stories of judges who did not follow "orders from the above" and were assaulted or removed from their positions.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Putin's Russia: Amazon.co.uk: Anna Politkovskaya: 9781843430506: Books )〕 In an open letter written in 2005, former judge Olga Kudeshkina criticized the chairman of the Moscow city court O. Egorova for "''recommending'' judges to make ''right'' decisions" which allegedly caused more than 80 judges in Moscow to retire in the period from 2002 to 2005.〔 〕 In the 1990s, Russia's prison system was widely reported by media and human rights groups as troubled. There were large case backlogs and trial delays, resulting in lengthy pre-trial detention. Prison conditions were viewed as well below international standards. Tuberculosis was a serious, pervasive problem.〔 Human rights groups estimated that about 11,000 inmates and prison detainees die annually, most because of overcrowding, disease, and lack of medical care.〔(Russia - Country Reports on Human Rights Practices ) Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, February 23, 2001〕 A media report dated 2006 points to a campaign of prison reform that has resulted in apparent improvements in conditions. The Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation has been working to reform Russia's prisons since 1997, in concert with reform efforts by the national government.〔(SDC in Russia - Prison Reform Project )〕 The rule of law has made rather limited inroads in the criminal justice since the Soviet time, especially in the deep provinces.〔Pomorski, Stanislaw (2001) (Justice in Siberia: a case study of a lower criminal court in the city of Krasnoyarsk ). ''Communist and Post-Communist Studies'' 34.4, 447-478.〕 The courts generally follow the non-acquittals policy; in 2004 acquittals constituted only 0.7 percent of all judgments. Judges are dependent on administrators, bidding prosecutorial offices in turn. The work of public prosecutors varies from poor to dismal. Lawyers are mostly court appointed and low paid. There was a rapid deterioration of the situation characterized by abuse of the criminal process, harassment and persecution of defense bar members in politically sensitive cases in recent years. The principles of adversariness and equality of the parties to criminal proceedings are not observed. In 1996, President Boris Yeltsin pronounced a moratorium on the death penalty in Russia. However, the Russian government still violates many promises it made upon entering the Council of Europe.〔 Citizens who appeal to European Court of Human Rights are often prosecuted by Russian authorities, according to the allegations of Politkovskaya〔 〕 Among the more recent examples of the Government using a court system as a tool of political oppression are the cases of Pussy Riot and Alexei Navalny. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Human rights in Russia」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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